Ergonomically based design of tractor control tools

Musculoskeletal injuries are well-known disorders among the agricultural tractor operators. Overexertion is a critical factor which can agitate these injuries. Physical body characteristics should be measured for an ergonomically best-fit-optimal design for the operators. In this study, a designed setup was employed to derive the applied forces by tractor operators on the control tools. The different muscle strengths including leg/foot strength, hand push/pull strength, and torque strength applied by both hands were measured. A comparison was made for the obtained values for different strengths by considering the effects of hand dominance. The obtained data were used to estimate the maximum allowed forces in these tools. In contrast to the previous studies, the minimum allowed actuating forces of the pedals were calculated using reasonable assumptions. These values could provide more comfort and less exhaustion for the tractor operators. The obtained ranges were benchmarked against corresponding recommended values in some standards (ISO, ISIRI, and ASABE family). The results revealed the unsuitability of evaluated standards for a proper design and the excessive overestimation of those recommended values (in some cases more than 3 times). In all of the design procedure, a suitable attention was paid to accommodate it with more than 90% of target population.Relevance to industryA prosperous industry which considers ergonomic factors in the design of agricultural machine workplace can overcome the disorders and generate more comfort. Evaluating more exact mechanical forces can result in a suitable design of workplace.     

塔里木盆地中秋1凝析气藏成藏条件及演化过程

2018年12月,塔里木盆地秋里塔格构造带天然气勘探取得重大突破,中秋1井在下白垩统巴什基奇克组测试获高产工业气流,发现了该构造带迄今为止最大的整装凝析气藏。为了给该构造带下一步油气勘探部署提供依据,在充分利用前人研究成果的基础上,基于岩心、薄片、测井及地球化学分析资料,明确了中秋1大型凝析气藏的油气藏特征和气藏类型,分析了该气藏天然气成藏条件并推演其演化过程。研究结果表明:①中秋1大型气藏属于低含凝析油凝析气藏,天然气为煤成气,主要来自区内侏罗系腐殖型煤系烃源岩;②该构造带能够形成大型油气藏的有利地质条件是三叠系和侏罗系发育的两套巨厚高演化烃源岩、白垩系发育的大型辫状河三角洲规模有效砂岩储层、喜马拉雅晚期以来的构造活动形成的大规模楔状叠瓦构造圈闭、古近系和新近系巨厚膏盐岩形成的优越保存条件,以及油气生成与圈闭形成的良好时空匹配;③该气藏具有先油后气、晚期快速气侵聚集成藏的成藏模式,总体上是一个"早期聚油、晚期气侵、改造调整、快速成藏"的成藏过程。结论认为,该构造带油气成藏条件优越,具有广阔的油气勘探前景。     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷横波勘探中的低幅异常消除技术

近年来,在柴达木盆地三湖坳陷开展了横波地震勘探,但是由于该区低幅度构造发育,横波静校正引起的"低幅"异常与上述低幅度构造相互混杂,难以区分。为此,针对该区横波表层调查难以控制表层横波速度模型的变化、横波近偏移距初至污染严重、横波折射层发育导致高速界面难以确定等问题,首先采用曲线拟合技术预测污染区横波初至时间确保初至完整性,然后采用面波模型与多层折射分层联合约束反演横波表层速度,最后通过基于速度谱分析的层位匹配建模技术确定合理的横波速度界面,形成了横波表层"低幅"异常消除技术,并进行了现场应用及效果评价。研究结果表明:①曲线拟合技术可以弥补近道污染区横波初至空白,保证层析反演模型的完整性;②基于瑞雷波的频散特性反演建模可以为确定该区浅层横波速度提供可靠的资料,提高浅层模型精度;③面波模型与多层折射分层联合约束反演能够更准确的反演该区表层横波速度场,较好地建立横波速度模型,消除横波剖面上"低幅"异常现象。结论认为,所形成的横波地震勘探低幅异常消除技术消除了横波静校正引起的"低幅"异常现象,提高了横波地震资料的成像品质。     

废脱硫剂在铁矿烧结中的应用

钢厂煤气脱硫工序排放的废脱硫剂是一种难以利用的有害固体废弃物，含一定量的铁及较高的钙和硫等元素。对废脱硫剂配入铁矿粉中进行了烧结杯的试验研究，结果表明，当废脱硫剂配比超过01%后，随着废脱硫剂配比的升高，烧结矿转鼓强度下降，利用系数下降，烧结烟气中SO2与NOx浓度增加，烧结矿的还原度有所下降，但烧结矿的低温还原粉化性能有所改善。烧结矿的矿相研究发现，废脱硫剂配比偏大时，磁铁矿体积分数增大，铁酸钙体积分数减少，并由针状结构向柱状、板状演变，烧结矿的气孔率上升。主要原因在于其粒度偏粗，含硫高，不利于成矿。当废脱硫剂粒度为-63mm及其配比控制在01%时，烧结矿的产量和质量有所改善，烟气中SO2、NOx较基准试验变化不大。工业试验表明，在烧结混匀矿中配入废脱硫剂配比小于012%时，烧结矿产量和质量没有明显变化，烧结烟气脱硫脱硝效果也没有受到影响。废脱硫剂掺入铁矿中进行烧结是一种资源化利用的有效方法，不仅解决了有害固体废弃物对环境的影响，而且使二次资源得到综合利用。     

轧机两侧刚度差的数字化分析与改善措施

轧机两侧刚度差是轧机功能精度的最重要指标之一，以弹跳方程为基础定量计算了轧机两侧刚度差对轧制稳定性的影响，主要包括调平值、调平值随轧制力的变化以及甩尾3个方面。以此为基础在某热轧线建立了轧机刚度评价体系，对轧机功能精度进行管控。同时，还分析了轧机两侧刚度差的影响因素，并在定量分析的基础上采取了一系列的改善措施，包括衬板、垫片维护、最大压靠轧制力和标定轧制力的调整等，使轧机刚度和轧制稳定性得到大幅提升。     

车辆自组织网络中新型NP-CSMA随机多址协议研究分析

智能交通的出现使得车辆自组织网络受到越来越多的关注。车辆自组织网络的动态拓扑结构变化非常剧烈,这对网络的吞吐率、传输速率等性能提出了很高的要求。提出1种具有握手机制协议的自适应多通道双时钟NP-CSMA随机多址接入协议。该协议首先区分2种P-CSMA协议,握手机制成功解决了隐藏的终端问题,双时钟机制减少了平均空闲时间,多通道机制增加通道数量和划分用户优先级的同时提高了系统吞吐率,自适应机制能够使系统在高负载下保持稳定吞吐率。还对该协议的传输速率进行了分析,得出该协议的传输速率相对较高的结论。通过平均周期方法推导吞吐率和传输速率的计算公式,仿真结果与理论推导一致。     

Long-term performance of a HDPE geomembrane stabilized with HALS in chlorinated water

A high density polyethylene geomembrane (GMB) stabilized with hindered amine (light) stabilizers (HALS or HAS) is immersed in four chlorinated water solutions with a simulated free chlorine concentration range of 0.5–5 ppm at five different temperatures (25, 40, 65, 75, and 85 °C) for 70 months. Standard and high pressure oxidative induction time (OIT) tests are performed to monitor antioxidants depletion while melt flow index, tensile, and stress crack resistance (SCR) tests are conducted to monitor degradation in physical and mechanical properties. Degradation in the GMB properties occurred shortly after immersion in chlorinated water at all temperatures except at 25 °C. Increasing the free chlorine concentration resulted in faster degradation of the tensile properties and SCR. The predicted time to nominal failure based on SCR ranges between 25 years at 40 °C and 5 years at 85 °C in chlorinated water (with 0.5 ppm free chlorine). A comparison between the degradation in SCR of this GMB and a GMB with a different resin and without HALS shows significant difference in their performance in chlorinated water but not in other incubation media.     

Thin‐film nanostructure and polymer architecture in semicrystalline syndiotactic poly(p‐methylstyrene)–(cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene) multiblock copolymers

The thin‐film morphology of stereoregular syndiotactic poly(p‐methylstyrene)–(cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene) (sP(pMS–B)) multiblock copolymers has been investigated using tapping mode atomic force microscopy with variation of the polymer composition and monomer block lengths. The morphology of the thin films ranges from isolated circular domains of sP(pMS) embedded into a matrix of polybutadiene (PB) to isolated domains of PB embedded into a matrix of sP(pMS), passing through bicontinuous (jagged) lamellae when the pMS concentration is in the range 20–67 mol%. Multiple folding of the polymer segments, i.e. where reciprocal inclusions of polymer segments to each other phase are able to generate greater domain, has been postulated and validated by considerations on the polymer architecture and the thermal and crystalline behaviour. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于改进雷达图的配电系统电能质量评估方法

本文针对配电系统电能质量综合评估存在的评估指标权重分配过于主观或客观的问题,提出一种基于改进雷达图法的配电系统电能质量评估方法。该方法利用最小偏差组合权重法计算各评估指标的最优组合权重。并在传统雷达图的基础上对各指标轴间夹角值的确定和特征向量的选取两方面做了进一步的改进。首先采用扇形区域取代原始的三角形区域,并利用最小偏差组合权重法计算各指标轴间夹角值。其次选择新的特征向量构造评估函数对配电系统电能质量进行综合评估。最后通过对某钢铁厂棒材变电站10kV配电系统电能质量进行综合评估,验证了该方法的可行性和合理性。较传统雷达图而言,改进雷达图法解决了传统雷达图法中各指标间信息共用以及评估结果不唯一的问题,使评估结果更加准确合理。     

气控环形防喷器密封胶芯大变形分析

针对气控环形防喷器胶芯在密封过程中的大变形以及与油管存在密封压力难以计算的问题,建立胶芯物理模型,结合厚壁筒理论与橡胶本构方程,同时考虑胶芯的材料非线性和几何非线性,探讨防喷器密封过程中胶芯变形与接触压力的变化。根据胶芯变形过程中无变形阶段、自由变形阶段和接触变形阶段的不同受力状况,利用迭代的方法对每个离散微段施加控制压力,得到不同控制压力下胶芯变形量与接触压力,并与仿真结果进行比较。结果表明:在自由变形阶段,随控制压力增加,胶芯变形量逐渐增大且由中间向两侧逐渐减小;在接触变形阶段,胶芯内径保持不变,且与油管间接触压力不断增加。采用胶芯变形理论方法计算的接触压力变化规律与仿真结果基本相同,验证了胶芯变形理论计算方法的正确性。